| Studding Living Things | |||||||||||||||||||
| SECTION 1 studding living things SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 |
Characteristics of living things 1 all living things are capable of movement. Most animals move about using legs, wings or fins. Plants move by growing. Their roots grown down into the soil, and shoots grow up in the air or towards a source of light. Auxin attracts plants to light. 2 sensitivity all living things are sensitive to certain changes in their surrounding. This means that, to a certain extent they are aware of what is happen around them. Many animals use senses organs such as eyes ears and fillers etc to find out things about there surrounding. Plants do not have sense organs but are still able to detect and respond to things like gravity, light and water. 3 feeding all living things need food to provide energy and growth. Animals get their food by eating other living or once living things. Some animals are carnivores, herbivores or omnivores. Plants make there own food by using the energy from the sun to combine water and carbon dioxide to manufacture sugar and starch. This process is known as photosynthesis. 4 respiration all living things need energy; for movement, to work the organs of the body and for growth. This energy is obtained from food by a process called respiration. During this process a number of chemical changes releases energy from food usually by combining the food with oxygen. 5 Excretion all living things produce waist such as carbon dioxide (which is a waste product of photosynthesis) water, urine and other chemicals 6 reproduction all living things reproduce to replace organisms lost by death. If a group of organisms is not replaced fast enough the group will become extinct. Some very small creatures can reproduce by splitting in two. This is an example of asexual reproduction; an animal that reproduces by asexual reproduction is the amoeba. Most animals are either male or female these can mate and produce young. Mating is an example of sexual reproduction. Plant flowers contain sexual organs, which produce seed, and the seeds grow into new plants. 7 growth all living things grow. Animals grow until they reach an adult size, but most plant can grow continuously through out there life.
A cell is a unit or living things. The largest cells are birds’ eggs. Bird eggs are big because they are filled with toad (yolk and albumen). Most cells are microscopic in size. If a man increased in size a million times his cell would be the size of a cricket ball. Unicellular organisation is dose that has one cell e.g. Amoeba and paramecium. Multicelluar arginzm are arganzm that have many cells eg. Plants and animals. All cells consist living material called protoplasm and are made up of 3 parts they have an outer skin called a cell membrane, which encloses an jelly like substances called cytoplasm. A rounded object called the nucleus, which floats in the cytoplasm. Cell membrane this controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell. It allows waist substances to leave the cell and let other chemicals, such ass oxygen and food to enter the cell. The cytoplasm is 90% water, plus protein, oils, glucose sugar, vitamins and minerals. Narrow passageway extends through out the cytoplasm and it often contains large fuel felled spaces called vacuoles. Cytoplasm also contains grains of stored food and oil droplets. The nucleus is a cell control centre. It controls the formation and development of a cell. All multicelular organisms began life as a single cell. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the first cell divides, producing two cells, which divide producing four cells and so on until there are millions of cells. After each cell is formed it nucleus control its development: whether it become a blood cell, bone cell, leaf cell, etc. the nucleus also control the chemicals which are manufactured in the cell.
1kingdom-animalia 2phylum-chordata (having back bones) 3class-mamalia(give suck to there young) 4order-primates(grasping hands and feet) 5family-hominidae 6genus-(Homo) humans 7species-(sapiens) humans a species is a group of organisms so alike that they can mate and produce young. Humans, dogs, dandy lion and cow slipis are four examples of different species. Usually members of one species can not breed with members of another. Different types of dogs can produce puppies but dogs and cats can not breed together. Classifying and identifying organism Phylum protista (protist – euglena), most of the phylum protista are microscopic. Most are unicellular some are multicellular that is having group of cells and tissues. Protozoa Protozoans are microscopic unicellular protist. Most
feed by catching other protist. Some live as parasites in the bodies of
other organisms causing disease such as malaria and dysentery other like
euglena have chlorophyll and feed by photosynthesis. 1 rhizopods-these protozoa which feed by protruding their body parts to form arms called pseudopodium. An example of rhizopods is the amoeba. 2 ciliates-these are protozoans with microscopic hairs called cyllia which the use to feed and to eat. A example of a ciliates is the paramecium 3flagellates- these are protozoa, which move about by
lashing a whip like hair, called a flagellum many have chlorophyll example
the euglena. Colenterates are found in the sea. Hydra is an
example, which is found in ponds and streams. Colenterates have bodies
like a bag. The opening at one end is the mouth and it is usually
surrounded by tentacles. The walls of the bag consist of two layers of
cells. The tentacles are armed with weapons called sting cells. When
it’s trigger is touched it shoots out a long sting cell
with long thin threads. Some threads inject paralysing
poison into the prey.
fungi
Moles, mushroom, and yeast are examples of fungi. Most fungi is
multicullar made up of fine threads which either spreads out in a thin
network like bread moles or are bondled together and form a more solid
structure like mushrooms.
Yeast Yeast
feed by changing sugar in to alcohol and carbon dioxide by a process known
as fermentation and is used in brewing, wine making and baking. Most
moles, mushrooms and toadstools are saprohytes. This means that they feed
by decomposing dead organisms.
Some fungi live, as parasites causing disease like ringworm in
humans and Mel due in plants.
Algae Algae
are simple plant like organisms. They live by photosynthesis. Algae leave
in the sea, in fresh water or in damp places or in land. They occur in
several forms as single cell, hollow balls of cells, find threads or
hollow tube. Brown algae leaves in the sea were they reach several metres
in length.
Flat worms have flat bodies with a mouth at one end. Planarians are
flat worms, which live in fresh water and in soil. They swim or crawl by
using the cyllia covering their bodies. Tape worms and liver flukes live
as parasites inside the bodies of animals including humans.
Fylum annclido (tape worms). The bodies of true worms consist of
similar components called segments. The segments are marked by rings
around there body. Earthworms live in the soil and feed of the remains of
dead animals. Peacock worms live in tubes in the sand and use a fan of
long bristles around the mouth to filter tiny organisms from the water.
Leaches live mostly as parasites sucking blood from their victims.
Fhylum artropoda There
are more species of arthropod than of any other type of animals.
Artronopodi have segmented bodies and are enclosed in a tough outer skin
called cuticle. Which protects and supported them. Then cuticle can rigid
like the shell of a crab or leathery and flexible as insets. The cuticle
is thin were body and limb bend. At the head of an arthropod carries sense
organs, most have antenna which touch, temperature, sound, taste and
smell. Arthropod eyes are sometimes made of thousands of tiny vessel
units. These are called compound eyes.
Types of arthropods 1
crustaceans. Crabs and lobsters are crustaceans with a hard chalky cuticle
other types like flies have a thick cuticle. Crustaceans have two pairs of
antennas and between 5 and 19 pair of legs. 2
arachnids –these groups include mites and ticks. Arachnids have four
pair of legs and no antennas their bodies are divided into two parts and
the head have a pincer like jaw. And the body. 3
insets – several million types of insets are known the have 3 pairs of
legs and many have wings. Their bodies consist of three parts: a head,
eyes and antennas. A thorax, with wings and legs, and an abdomen Myriapods
are Artopods with long bodies consisting of similar segments e.g. in this
groups are centipedes and millipedes Centipedes These
have 1 pair of legs on each segment. The shortest centipede is 5mm long
(16 legs). The longest centipede is 330 mm long (117 pairs of legs).
Centipedes are carnivores and paralyze they pray with poisonous fangs Millipedes
Millipedes
have 2 pair of legs on each segment and most eat plants. One specie has
355 pairs of legs. These have soft bodies, usually protected by one or two
shells. Limpets and snails both have 1 shell and move about on a large
slimy foot. They feed with a long tongue called a radula. This tongue have
a surface as rough as a file and scrapes pieces of plants and microscopic
organisms of rocks. Mussels and oysters have two shells hinged together.
Inslugs and cuttle fish have there shell inside the body, while the
octopus has no shell. Cuttle fish, squids and octopus use arms with
suckers to catch they pray. Then they tear it to peaces with a radula and
a beak curved like a parrots. They are jet propelled and discourage
attackers by squirting ink on them. Sunlight energy of life If green plants could not use sunlight energy to make food by photosynthesis Practically everything on earth would die. This would happen for two reasons 1 photosynthesis releases the energy which keeps air bread able 2 photosynthesis produces food. Plants are almost the living things which can make their own food they are therefore called the producers of the world. Nearly all other living creatures depend directly or indirectly upon plant for food so they are called consumers. Herbivores such as cattle and rabbit are called primary consumers because they depend entirely upon plant for food. Carnivores like foxes and hawks are called secondary consumers because they eat herbivores and each other and so depend indirectly upon plant for food. Sunlight provides energy which keep all earth creatures alive. Producers [green plants) convert sunlight energy into food, and consumers share this energy among them self when they eat plant and each other. This flow of energy from producers to consumers leads to the formation of the food chain. Food chain and food web Plants
rabbit human is a food chain which occurs when rabbit eats grass and
humans eat the rabbit. All food chains begin with green plants because
these are produces and the following links in the chain are consumers. Food chain are rearly as simple as this Sunlight energy of life If green plants could not use sunlight energy to make
food by photosynthesis Practically everything on earth would die.
This would happen for two reasons 1 photosynthesis releases the
energy which keeps air bread able 2 photosynthesis
produces food. Plants are almost the living things which can make their
own food they are therefore called the producers of the world. Food
chains are rarely as simple as this because consumers usually eat mor than
one food and may them self be eaten by several consumers. Humans for
example eats food other than rabbit and rabbits are also eaten by foxes
and hawks. In this way several food chains become connected forming a food
web. Carnivores
are not the only consumers: 1
parasite: consume food from all parts of the food web e.g. meldue fungi
feed of plants, and flee feed off animals. 2
scavengers: like carrion crows which eat dead organisms 3decomposers: such as bacteria and fungi: play a vital part in food webs by decomposing dead things into a liquid which keeps soil fertile and ensures healthy plants Soil:- Soil is the upper most layer of the earths crust which acts as a medium for plant growth. Soil Composition:- Soil consist of tiny rock particles, with humus, water, air and living organisms
Rock Particles These comes from rocks which have been broken down over thousands of years by rain water, frost and pressure from growing plant roots. Rain contains chemicals, which dissolves some rocks and leave other in tiny peaces. Frost brakes up rock by causing water inside it to expand.
Te smallest rock particle in soil are called clay, the next largest
are silt, then comes sand and the largest particles are called gravel.
Humas This is the decomposing of plants and animals remains by bacteria and fungi. Decay of the soil parts produces a sticky liquid, which glues rock particles together into clumps called soil crumbs. Decay of harder tissues, particularly of plants, produces fiber, which binds rock particles together. Humus fiber and sticky glue help to prevent soil been blown away by high winds. They also allow rainwater to drain freely through the soil and spaces to form in soil so that plant roots can obtain oxygen. Humus provides plant food in the form of dissolved minerals, which are essential for healthy plant growth.
Living Organisms Worms improve soil (make it fertile) in several ways. Their borrows allows air to reach plant root they add humus to the soil by dragging leaves into their borrows and leave them there to rot. Some worms turn over soil by passing it through their digestive system and leaving it on soil surface as worm cast. Bacteria are extremely important to soil. Some bacteria break down dead animals and plants into humus and essential plant food called nitrates. Other bacteria make nitrates out of nitrogen gas which they obtain from the air. The best fertile soil is loam. The best loam is 50% sand, 30% clay, 20% humus and a thriving population of bacteria and earthworms. It is easy to dig and plough and contain all the dissolved minerals needed for healthy plant growth.
Types Of Food Food provides energy to work the mussels and organs of the body and the materials needed for growth and repair of damaged and worn out tissues. The energy the obtain from food is measured in kilojoules (kj). Carbohydrates:- They are sugary and starchy food. These are the body main source of energy (1 gram of carbohydrates provides 17kj of energy) : Examples of carbohydrates are bread, breadfruit, rice, flour, yam and potato. Protein:- the body uses protein for growth and for repairing damage and worn out tissues. In other words protein are bodybuilding foods. Proteins are not used for energy but can provide 17kj of energy per gram. Examples of protein giving foods are peanut, peas, fish, chicken and egg. Vitamins are essential for growth and general health. Even though we require them in extremely small quantities of less than a 1000th of a gram a day. Minerals:- We require about 15 different minerals to remain healthy. Most are found in meat, eggs, milk, green vegetables and fruits. Common salt enable message to travel along nerves. Mussels need potassium and sodium to contract. Teethes and bones are mostly calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Red blood cell contains iron. Fats and oils: - These are the body main stored food, when they are eventually used in respiration 1 gram of fat provides 39 kJ of energy. A layer of fat under the skin helps reduce the rate the body loses heat in cold weather.
Balance diet is one in which energy (carbohydrates and fats) in each meal are balance by body building food (protein) and protective food. A balance meal is made up of at least one part protein, no more than 1 part fat, four parts carbohydrates and it must include foods such as salads which are rich in vitamins and minerals. It is very important that the
amount of food eaten each day should supply no more and no less than the
energy used in that day. If you regularly eat an amount of food which
supplies more energy than you need the surplus food will be converted into
fat and this could make you over weight Those who are overweight (obese)
risk developing disease of the hearth and blood vessels in which arteries
become clog with fatty material called cholesterol; and disease of the
liver, kidney, and gal bladder, they are more likely than slim people to
high blood pressure, diabetes, digestive disorders and varicose vain. The
more you are overweight the more you endanger your life.
Slimming- Doge the stodge To reduce overweight or stop becoming overweight avoid sugary, fried and fatty foods and pastries. Why must you avoid all of these foods? Because small amount of these food supplies large amount of energy. Consequently you eat enough to satisfy your appetite. Five chocolate biscuits (100g) supply enough energy for an average size man to cycle for 87 minutes at 15 kilometers per hour; the same weight of whole meal bread supplies only enough energy for 36 minutes of cycling. This means you don’t have to avoid all carbohydrates to remain slim. Just avoid the stugy energy rich ones like sugar and sweets biscuits, pastries, puddings and tin fruits in syrup, butter, chips and crisp.
Eat Daily ration of carbohydrates should come from the following:- whole meal bread, rice, potatoes, steam fish, grill meat and cheese. Do not eat more than 50g of fat per day. Eat as much as you like of fresh fruits, salads, green and root vegetables, kidney, hearth, carrot, and thin soup 1 Antioxidants: - these stop fats from going rancid. There use is restricted by law because they are potently dangerous to health. 2 coloring: - These restore
colour lost in processing and make food appearance to have more of an
ingredient than it really does 3 emulsifiers: - these allow water and oil to mix 4 flavoring: - these restore
flavor lost during processing and make food to appear to have more of an
ingredient it does not have. Strawberry flavor chemical are not
necessarily real strawberries 5 preservatives: - these slow the rate ate which food goes bad. Common preservatives are sulphur, nitrites, and nitrates, benzoic acids all of which are potentially dangerous 6 stabilizers :- these preserve
texture of food and help prevent emulation separating
Feeding A Baby Best baby food is free, immediately available, already sterilize and is perfectly balance 1 Brest milk is best 2 Brest milk is perfectly suitable for babies 3 Brest milk help fight germs. Brest milk contain substance called anti ,as these destroy many germs that threatens babies. Brest milk contain living cells which acts against in a infant stomach 4 Brest milk protect against5
Brest milk aids
Brest milk contain a large amount ofA substance which is important for the development of the central nervous6 Brest milk is digested more quickly than bottle milk 7 Brest milk helps prevent took ace |
|